Category Archives: Noreaster

NYC Weather Update – Weekend Nor’easter – Oct 26, 2018

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I haven’t had time to post about the current week’s WxChallenge forecasts for Caribou, ME, which I’ll have a follow up post about Saturday or Sunday to go over my results. Instead, this week, I’m going to put the same forecast skills I’ve been applying to the upcoming nor’easter that’s going to impact NYC Saturday. I’ll provide a deterministic (exact number) forecast for high temperature, low temperature, maximum sustained wind speed, and total accumulated precipitation for the period starting 2AM Saturday and ending 2AM Sunday, with a less exact forecast for the rest of the weekend. In my later follow up post, I’ll verify my results and see just how close I got. For purposes of verification, my forecast will be for LGA. If you’re only reading this summary, just know that Saturday will be a windy, raw, rainy day, but that conditions will improve as the day goes on.

Friday – partly sunny skies with high temperatures in the low-50s. Light winds from the south-southeast.

Saturday – High temperature: 54°F. Low: 48°F. Maximum sustained winds (2-minute averaged): 34.5 mph from the east-northeast. Total precipitation: 1.25″. The bulk of the rain should end by the afternoon hours.

Sunday – mostly cloudy, high temperatures in the upper-50s with return flow from the west downsloping into the area.

Forecast Discussion

The nor’easter that’s coming to us this weekend has tropical origins as the remnants of Hurricane Willa, which originated in the Eastern Pacific and made landfall in Mexico as an intense Category 3 storm. This means that it will be able to tap to tropical moisture, bringing the potential for a heavy rainfall event. At the surface, a low pressure center will be intensifying as it slides up along the Mid-Atlantic coast. At the mid and upper levels of the atmosphere, the set up is favorable for robust divergence, which should result in to strong surface convergence and lift. At the 850 mb level, there are indications of a strong low-level jet with winds as high as 50 knots from the east to east-northeast during the Saturday morning hours ahead of the warm front attached to the nor’easter. This would enable highly efficient moisture transport and convergence in our area. The net result of this should be periods of heavy rain. This is what justifies rainfall totals over an inch, though because of the relatively fast forward speed of this storm, I don’t believe that totals above 1.50″ are likely.

These aren’t pictured below, but MOS (model output statistics), and forecast plumes (ensembles of many different iterations of the same forecast model) probabilities suggest a consensus range of 1.15″-1.24″. Short Range Ensemble Forecast (SREF) probabilities show a greater than 90% chance for rainfall totals greater than or equal to 0.50″, 70-90% chance of totals greater than or equal to 1.00″, but very low chances of totals exceed 2.00″. The record rainfall for Saturday at LGA is 1.76″, though there are higher record totals surrounding this date, so this record isn’t what we’d call particularly strong.

On the temperature front, the trajectory of the onshore flow accompanying this storm actually brings it over Atlantic waters that are warmer than the air temperatures have been this week. This should bring warmer air into the area, however, because it will also be raining and cloudy, evaporational cooling will be a concern (as it rains, some of the moisture from raindrops will evaporate, which takes heat input to achieve, lowering surrounding temperatures), and that will likely knock temperatures down a bit. Overnight lows should end up being fairly mild in comparison to previous nights because of cloud cover and the aforementioned winds over warmer waters.

The wind speeds should be quite strong tomorrow. MOS is showing winds in the 24-26 knot range. However, given that 850 mb winds will be even strong, in the 50 knot range, and it will be precipitating, meaning downward transfer of momentum by raindrops should mix some of these stronger winds to the surface, which is why I think sustained winds could be as high as 35 mph at some point in the day at LGA (which is exposed near open water, so there’s less of an impact from friction over the land). I think gusts could easily top 40-45 mph tomorrow during the most intense rain squalls.

Surface forecast from the Weather Prediction Center valid for 8AM Saturday, showing the nor’easter in question
850 mb forecast for relative humidity and wind valid 8AM Saturday. The dark blues show saturated air mass, and the wind barbs show strong onshore winds
500 mb vorticity and heights, the yellow-orange-purple shading shows progressively stronger values of positive vorticity. Without getting too technical, positive vorticity is related to divergence aloft, which helps aid upwards motion (lift). Strong upwards motion can lead to clouds and precipitation.
Shaded areas indicate strong winds at the 300 mb level. These are referred to as jet streaks. Our region is forecast to lie within the left exit region of a jet streak, an area that favors divergence and enhanced upwards motion/lift
Not surprisingly, the SREF probability forecast shows a 70-90% probability of omega (a quantitative measure of lift) exceeding -9 microbars/sec, which is considered quite strong

Update: Verification

According to the KLGA Daily Climatological Report showed the following for Saturday, October 27, 2018:

High Temperature: 53°F

Low Temperature: 45°F

Max Wind: 41 mph

Max Gust: 50 mph

Total QPF (this is taken from METAR data): 0.98″

I’ll attempt to do a post-mortem on the winds and QPF forecast where I missed pretty significantly later in the week.

NYC Spring Nor’easter Update – Mar 20, 2018

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This is a special bulletin regarding the nor’easter expected to impact the region tomorrow. This may end up being one of the biggest snowstorms ever to hit the NYC Tri-State this late in March. On to the forecast details:

Impacts: snow, heavy at times, with some thundersnow possible. Blizzard conditions possible. Steady north to north-northeasterly winds in the 20-30 mph range with gusts 35 mph+. Coastal flooding during high tide cycles with storm tides 2-3′ above normal. Widespread snowfall accumulations 8″+ in NYC, Central NJ, Lower Hudson Valley, southwestern CT. The possibility exists for more than a foot of heavy, wet snow area-wide. I think the best bet is the low-end 10″ of the official forecast for NYC that calls for anywhere between 10-18″. Expect disruptions to both commutes, in particular the PM commute. Power outages likely due to the combination of accumulating heavy wet snow and windy conditions downing trees and/or power lines.

Timing: conditions deteriorating overnight. Snow beginning early in the morning in NYC (as early as 5-6AM possibly), later in the morning north of I-287. Heaviest snow during the day, especially in afternoon hours when lift is maximized. Snowfall rates of 1-2″/hr or more possible during the afternoon. Snow tapering off overnight, probably ending by midnight.

Discussion: this storm is unlike the previous two that struck the area. The surface and near-surface is colder than what it was at the outset of the last two storms. This will aid in snow sticking quickly, despite the high sun angle this late in March. The storm track has been trending westward but right now looks to be directly over the 40°N/70°W benchmark, a track that favors heavy snow over the area. The bust potential for a snow total below 8″ is still there, but even a snowfall of 5-6″ would still be substantial for this time of the year!

Focus on the storm track of the deeper low, the one that has the orange and brown plotted storm center positions.

NY Weather Update – Mar 19, 2018

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It sounds like a broken record at this point, but another week, yet another nor’easter with a chance of snow, arriving on the second day of spring no less! As with previous storms, how much snow we get will hinge critically on the storm’s track and proximity to shore. Looking ahead past the storm, temperatures remain subdued and below normal for this time of year.

Rest of today – sunny, high temperatures in the low-40s.

Tuesday – increasing clouds, with a chance for rain snow mix later in the day. High temperatures in the upper-30s.

Wednesday – snow developing overnight and continuing through the day. Accumulating snow currently forecast to be light in the 1-3″ range. This could increase though, based on current forecast ensemble totals ranging 5-6″. The caveat is that blacktop will probably be largely snow free due to the high sun angle.

Thursday – conditions improving overnight and mostly sunny skies with highs in the mid-40s. Snow should melt quickly with the high sun angle and temperatures.

NYC Weekend Weather – Mar 16, 2018

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An uneventful, though kind of cold weekend is in store for the NYC area. Great news for those of you going out for St. Patrick’s Day festivities. Looking ahead into mid-week next week, we have the potential for yet another nor’easter impacting the region with, you guessed it, the possibility for more snow.

Rest of today – partly sunny to mostly cloudy skies with a high near 40°F.

Saturday (St. Patrick’s Day) – warmer, sunny, with a high in the mid-40s, pretty much ideal conditions for the parade.

Sunday – sunny, high in the low-40s. High pressure will be in control of the area.

Monday – mostly sunny with highs in the mid-40s.

Why Seemingly Unending Conveyor Belt of Nor’easters?

The simple answer: The Greenland Block. You may have heard the term “blocking high” mentioned in regards to the anomalously active and cold weather pattern over the Northeast this month. In essence, what’s happened is that a strong ridge of persistent high pressure has formed over Greenland this month. Very cold air over snow-covered landmasses like Greenland is often quite stable. Colder, denser air, also increases surface pressures.

Cyclonic flow around such an area of strong high pressure can wreak havoc with the polar jet stream – diverting its normal flow around the high. This can (and has in our case) lead to the polar jet diving far to the south, allowing large intrusions of Arctic air into the Eastern US. Jet streams can also enhance storms via upper level divergence, lowering surface pressures. Lastly, the blocking high can slow the normal eastward progression of storm systems, causing storms to linger over areas and extended periods of precipitation and coastal impacts in the case of nor’easters.

The Greenland Block is correlated with an index called the North Atlantic Oscillation. When values of this index are negative, it’s more likely that such a blocking pattern arises. Lucky for us, it appears that we may finally get a break in this pattern towards the end of the month.

 

 

NYC Weather Update – Mar 12, 2018

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Another week, another nor’easter! Luckily, this time around, the storm will stay outside of the notorious 40ºN 70ºW benchmark, meaning that impacts for NYC should be relatively light. On the backside of this storm, weather should be fairly innocuous and average for this time of the year.

Rest of today – increasing clouds ahead of this incoming storm. High temperatures in the mid-40s. Temperatures drop to near freezing overnight in the city, setting the stage for snow overnight as the storm approaches and rapidly strengthens.

Tuesday – lingering snow from overnight ends quickly in the morning or transitions to rain. When all is said and done, we might pick up 2-4″ of snow in the city. Temperatures will be marginal at best and the snow will probably have difficulty sticking to blacktop. There is an outside chance of more than 6″ but this probability is low. As you can see from the preceding graphics, the bulk of the storm, and its center will be tracking quite far southeast of the area. Winds will be shifting towards the northwest around 20 mph and high temperatures will only be around 40ºF due to the combination of wind, clouds, and precipitation.

Wednesday – an unsettled regime continues into Wednesday with some slight chance for a couple snow showers. Mostly cloudy with high temperature in the mid-40s.

Thursday – partly sunny, high in the mid-40s.

NYC Weekend Weather – Mar 9, 2018

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This weekend, we’ll be watching for development of yet another nor’easter that could impact the region to start off next week. This would mark the third nor’easter in as many weeks, and put an exclamation point on a very active weather pattern. We also set our clocks forward with daylight saving time overnight between Saturday and Sunday. Enjoy more sun in the evenings!

Rest of today – clods and sun with a possibility for a spot flurry later in the day. High temperatures in the mid-40s.

Saturday – mostly sunny with high temperatures around average for this time of year in the mid-40s.

Sunday – another average day with sunny skies and high temperatures in the mid-40s.

Monday – things could get interesting as a developing low off the North Carolina coast works its way up the Eastern Seaboard. There’s a good deal of uncertainty at this time about the eventual storm track. Some models take this storm too far offshore to affect us, but notably the GFS has been on the western end of the forecast envelope. Some of its solutions would bring another significant storm with the possibility for more snow to the area Monday. Needless to say, this is situation that will bear monitoring over the weekend. High temperatures Monday will be impacted by the proximity of this storm. For now, forecasts call for a high around 40ºF with a chance of rain/snow.

NYC Weather Update – Jan 1, 2018

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First post of 2018! The main weather headlines for this week will be a (slight) break from the bitter cold, a chance for snow, and then a return to even colder temperatures to end the week. There is some potential for a heavier snow storm on Thursday, but forecast models are at odds on some significant details.

Rest of today – sunny, but bitterly cold with high temperatures only in the upper-teens. With a steady northwest wind around 15 mph, wind chills fall between 0 and -5°F.

Tuesday – warmer and sunny with high temperatures in the mid-20s.

Wednesday – mostly sunny with high temperatures nearing 30°F! Downright balmy compared to the beginning of the week.

Thursday – a complex scenario unfolds relating to a coastal storm anticipated to approach the area. Differences exist between major forecast models that would lead to a significant spread in snowfall totals from this event. The first scenario, and the more likely of the two, depicts a storm further offshore, favoring lighter snow. The second scenario shows one much closer to the coast, resulting in much heavier snow and even mixed precipitation. For now, siding with the more likely scenario that favors lighter snow would see only about an inch in the city. Temperatures during the day on Thursday should warm into the upper-20s.

The GFS model depicts a storm that passes farther offshore, which would lead to a light snowfall event for the city. This is the more likely scenario at this time.
Resulting ensemble forecast snowfall totals from the GFS. The mean here is only about .6″, reflecting the forecast scenario above.
The NAM shows a much more substantial snow event, with the storm passing significantly closer to the coast. The mean of this model calls for snowfall totals of nearly 7″, with a secondary cluster of ensemble members between 16-23″!

 

NYC Weekend Weather – May 12, 2017

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Another rainy weekend on tap for the Tri-State area as a Nor’easter takes aim at the Mid-Atlantic and New England just in time to put a damper on Mother’s Day plans. Luckily for us, rain on actual Mother’s Day should be limited to the morning hours. Next week, we’re looking forward to a big warm up in temperatures.

Rest of today – partly sunny with high temperatures topping out in the low-60s.

Saturday – a Nor’easter moves in on the area overnight into Saturday. Expect raw, windy, rainy conditions for the duration of the day. There could be periods of moderate to heavy rain along with east/east-northeast winds in the 15mph with stronger gusts. High temperatures with the onshore flow, clouds, and rain only expected to reach the low-50s.

Sunday (Mother’s Day) – rains clear up earlier in the day, but we’re still left with a windy and cloudy day. The tradeoff is warmer temperatures in the mid-60s.

Monday – partly sunny skies with improving conditions and high temperatures in the mid-60s.

 

Warmup Ahead

Starting Tuesday, temperatures begin to warm up significantly with a shift in our weather pattern. A summer-like Bermuda high sets up and pumps in warm air from the south into the area, resulting in temperatures above to well-above normal (some 80s possible late week).

 

NYC Blizzard Update #2 – Mar 13, 2017

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The track of the imminent nor’easter and blizzard has continue to trend west of earlier model runs. This has introduced increasing uncertainty as to overall snowfall totals along the immediate coastal areas along with possible wintry mix/freezing rain. On the other hand, confidence is increasing in heavy snow for areas north and west of the city, with snowfall totals 18″+ looking likely.

Impacts – heavy snow north and west of the city, snowfall accumulations in the interior 16-20″+ looking likely. Sharp gradient in the heaviest snowfall totals approaching the coast where wintry mix, freezing rain, and even plain rain could mix in during the early afternoon Tuesday. The exact location of the extent of warm air intrusion off the ocean will ultimately determine the difference between routine totals over 1 foot and areas that receive much lower snowfall totals. The difference in some cases could be a matter of mere miles. This line could fall in and around NYC itself. Still expecting a period of blizzard or near blizzard conditions for NYC during the course of this storm even if a transition to mixed precipitation does occur. Snowfall totals could still pile up close to a foot or over prior to this transition. The possibility of freezing rain and ice introduces an additional hazard on the roads and when coupled with strong winds of 30-35mph and gusts 45mph+ could result in power outages.

Timing – light snow should begin to fall early into the overnight hours, progressively growing in intensity. In the city, overnight accumulations of 3-6″ possible, with a sharp increase in totals north and west. Heavy snow with sleet and wintry mix during the morning and early afternoon in the city, all snow in points north and west. Blowing and drifting snow with blizzard conditions possible. Snow begins to wind down during the evening hours.

Caveats – any further movement of the storm track west would result in drastically lower snowfall totals for NYC and points east along the coast. Correspondingly, an eastward shift of the storm track would put NYC itself squarely in the bullseye for the heaviest snows.

NYC Blizzard Update – Mar 13, 2017

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Classic major nor’easter to bring blizzard conditions to a large swath of the Northeast Tuesday just days from the official start of spring. Areas in and around NYC likely to see snowfall accumulations of over 1 foot, locally higher. This may end up being one of the biggest snowstorms/blizzards in history for the month of March in NYC.

Rest of today – the proverbial calm before the storm. Mostly sunny, cold, with high temperatures in the low-30s.

Tuesday – a major late season nor’easter will bring heavy snow and blizzard conditions to the area. Blizzard warning in effect for the entirety of Tuesday. Snow starts falling overnight into Tuesday. Heaviest snows forecast to begin around the morning rush and continue through most of the day. Blizzard conditions expected on the coast with steady north to northeast winds 30-35mph and gusts over 45mph. Visibility near zero at times. High temperatures at or below freezing. Widespread accumulations over 1 foot and approaching or exceeding 18″ expected around the NYC metro area. Details on the storm at the end of this post.

Wednesday – lingering chance for snow showers early with wrap around moisture on the backside of the departing nor’easter. Mostly cloudy with a high near freezing.

Thursday – skies clearing, high temperatures in the low-mid 30s.

 

Major Blizzard to Impact the NYC Region

Winter Storm Stella, as the Weather Channel refers to it, is set to bring widespread heavy snow to the area beginning overnight Monday and continuing throughout the day Tuesday.

Impacts – Snow accumulations over 1 foot, in many cases approaching 18″. Locally higher amounts, with some areas possibly approaching 2 feet. Heavy snow and blowing snow during the day Tuesday. Snowfall rates 2-4″ per hour and possibly higher in the heaviest snow bands possible. Thundersnow may accompany the strongest snow bands. Blowing and drifting snow with steady northeast winds 30-35mph and gusts 45-50mph will contribute to blizzard conditions with near zero visibility at times. East and northeast facing shorelines may experience moderate coastal flooding during high tide cycles. Heavy, wet snow at the coast combined with high winds may lead to power outages. Hazardous travel conditions, severe disruptions to aviation likely. High confidence in storm total snowfall at this point, but there is still uncertainty about whether and where mixing could occur.

Timing – Snow begins early in the overnight hours Tuesday. Light accumulations of 2-4″ possible by daybreak. Heavy snow likely beginning during the morning rush hour and continuing through most of the work day, as well as into the evening rush hour. Winds quickly intensifying from the morning and staying steady through the evening hours. Heaviest snow tapers off in the early evening hours, but snow showers could continue overnight. Winds remain strong overnight into Wednesday. Conditions improve going into the morning Wednesday.

Discussion – an area of low pressure that had its origins in the Pacific has made its way across the northern US, impacting the Northern Plains and Upper Midwest with snow. This storm system will phase with a secondary, coastal low pressure system that is currently moving up the coast from the Southeast. As these storms merge, the coastal low will undergo rapid intensification and cyclogenesis, becoming a strong Nor’easter. This storm will be drawing on subtropical moisture, and will encounter an airmass that will be quite cold due to the presence of an Arctic high pressure system prior to the storm’s passage. These ingredients will set the stage for a classic major blizzard for the Northeast late in the winter season, only days from spring.

As always, uncertainty remains about the exact location of the heaviest snow bands with this storm. Areas that are impacted by these bands can easily rack up several more inches than surrounding areas that are spared. The storm is expected to track west of the 40°N/70°W benchmark. However, during the last model runs, the storm track has trended north and west, increasing the chances for the city itself to see the heaviest snow, in addition to areas north and west. If this track shifts west some more, warmer air off the ocean wrapping into the core of the storm from the south could induce mixed precipitation with rain cutting down on totals in the city and Long Island. If the track shifts east, heavier snow would fall over points east of the city.