After a chilly start to March, things will take a turn towards much more seasonable weather this week. Still, temperatures will be slightly below average on several days. Precipitation chances don’t pop up until Friday when an approaching cold front should bring a warm up and then rain.
Rest of today – sunny, with a high near 50°F. Overnight lows around freezing.
Tuesday – a weak cold front passes through in the morning, but there will not be enough moisture for precipitation. High temperatures will be cooler than today, in the mid-40s with mostly sunny skies. Overnight lows will be cooler around 30°F.
Wednesday – sunny skies and a high temperature again in the mid-40s. Clouds will be on the increase overnight as a warm front approaches from the southwest. Overnight lows will be a touch warmer in the upper-30s.
Weather Prediction Center surface forecast for 8PM EDT Wednesday
Thursday – warmer but mostly cloudy with high temperatures in the mid-50s. Overnight lows expected to be in the mid-40s with the chance of rain increasing.
As we spring forward this Sunday, our weather pattern finally takes a step forwards towards spring as well. Rain will accompany this warmup, then we start next week with temperatures close to average for this time of year.
Rest of today – Increasing clouds as an area of low pressure moves offshore well to our south. High temperatures in the upper-30s. A 500 mb (upper level) shortwave trough passing through overnight could provide enough lift for some scattered flurries. Lows dipping to around freezing.
Saturday – High temperatures in the mid-40s with lots of sun as high pressure temporarily exerts its influence. Overnight lows in the mid-30s. Rain starts overnight going into Sunday as a storm system draws near.
Weather Prediction surface forecast for 8AM Sunday
Sunday – rain during the morning with improving conditions later. Overcast to start with cloud cover decreasing as the storm departs to the east. High temperatures around 50°F. Overnight lows in around 40°F
Monday – sunny and seasonable with highs in the upper-40s. Overnight lows cooler than Sunday in the mid-30s.
Although the calendar has flipped to March and we’re less than 3 weeks from the official start of spring, the weather has taken a decidedly winter-like turn as of late. This pattern will continue over the weekend and into next week. Initially, we’ll contend with 2 coastal storms that will bring chances for snow, and then enter next week with temperatures well below normal for this time of year. Sadly, this colder than normal pattern looks locked in for the next week or more
Rest of today – overcast conditions with temperatures hovering in the mid-30s. Precipitation will move back into the area by later this evening. Thermal profiles overnight point to a mix of snow/sleet at the coast with lows just around freezing. The local forecast office calls for an accumulation of 1-2″ of this wintry mess.
Weather Prediction Center surface forecast for 7AM Saturday
Saturday – the wintry precipitation continues the first half of the day as the first of two coastal storms continues to impact the region. High temperatures should warm up to around 40ºF with mostly cloudy skies, and precipitation should die off later in the day. Overnight lows should be around freezing.
Sunday – starts off as a decent enough day, but a second storm will be brewing and moving offshore, impacting the area overnight into Monday. High temperatures should be similar to Saturday in the low-40s with partly sunny skies. At this point, the primary precipitation modes at the coast appears to be a rain/snow mix. Thermal profiles don’t appear cold enough to support all snow with overnight lows expected to be above freezing around 35ºF.
Global Forecast System 1000 mb – 500 mb height, pressure, thickness foreast for 6AM Monday
Monday – precipitation tapering off early in the morning as this storm is a fast-mover. Temperatures topping out in the upper-30s with mostly cloudy skies.
Colder than Normal Temperatures Ahead
Climate Prediction Center has a 6-10 day temperature outlook suggesting a colder than normal pattern for much of the country, including our area. During this time, the polar jet stream is expected to dip further south allowing colder air to penetrate into the Continental US.
A weak cold front passes through to start the weekend. a decent weekend is in store with a chance for snow showers on Sunday night. Temperatures will be about average for this time of year through Presidents Day. We have a chance for more significant winter storm mid-week next week although details are fuzzy. At this time, thermal profiles at the coast suggest a mixed event like this past week with snow transitioning to sleet, freezing rain and plain rain. This event looks longer in duration due to a slow moving high east of the incoming storm. I will be on vacation next week and won’t be posting until the following week.
Rest of today – overcast with temperatures in the low-50s. Slight chance for rain with a weak cold front passing later in the afternoon. Overnight lows in the mid-30s.
Weather Prediction surface forecast for 7PM Friday
Saturday – mostly sunny with highs in the low-40s. Overnight lows around 30°F.
Sunday – mostly sunny during the day with highs around 40°F. Overnight lows in the low-30s will support some light snow associated with a broad area of low pressure. Not anticipating much accumulation beyond a coating.
Monday (President’s Day) – imoroving conditions. Partly sunny with highs in the low-40s and overnight lows dropping into the low-20s.
A mild start to this weekend will transition quickly to colder temperatures more typical of this the of year. A windy day in store on Saturday in the wake of a cold front bringing us rain today. cold temperatures remain in place into the beginning of next week. No more 60°F+ days in store for us!
Rest of today – rain tapering off by around lunchtime. Mild temperatures with highs in the mid-50s with clearing conditions. Once the cold front sweeps through, winds will pick up from west into the 15-20 mph range. This will advect cold air into the area and overnight lows are forecast in the mid-20s. By midnight, temperatures will be around the freezing mark.
Weather Prediction Center’s surface forecast for 7PM tonight
Saturday – a windy day on tap with much colder high temperatures in the mid-30s. Winds expected in the 15-20 mph range with strong gusts around 35 mph. Overnight lows again in the mid-20s.
Sunday – winds abate as the low responsible for the rain today moves further off. High temperatures in the mid-30s with mostly sunny skies. Overnight low around 30°F, with a small chance of snow showers.
Monday – increasing clouds ahead of the next storm system that could bring us some wintry weather Tuesday. High temperatures in the low-40s. Overnight lows in the upper-30s.
What a difference a week makes. Last week, we saw some of the coldest air to hit NYC in quite a while. This week, we’ll have the chance to hit 60°F. Two low pressure systems will impact the area, the first is not forecast to produce precipitation, while the second will likely bring rain. Both of these lows will bring a surge of warm air in their warm sectors prior to the passage of the trailing cold front accompanying them. Enjoy the balmy February weather while you can, because the warmth won’t last.
Rest of today – mostly sunny with high temperatures reaching into the low-50s. Patchy fog developing overnight with low temperatures near 40°F.
Tuesday (Lunar New Year)– a mild start to the day gives us a shot to reach into the upper-50s. We’ll be in the warm sector of the first low. If a deck of low clouds builds in and persists, we might be a bit cooler in the mid-50s. On the other hand, if we get a relatively sunny day instead we could see high temperatures around 60°F. Overnight lows considerably cooler around 30°F with a dry cold frontal passage from this first low pressure system.
Weather Prediction Center’s surface forecast for 7PM Tuesday, showing the “dry” passage of a cold front
Wednesday – a cooler start to the day should result in temperatures only reaching the low-40s. Clouds increasing, and rain expected to develop overnight into Thursday with low temperatures in the mid-30s.
Thursday – a few degrees warmer with high temperatures in the mid-40s and rain. Rain expected to taper off a bit after the warm front associated with the second low to hit us moves north of the area. This will set us up for a warm day on Friday as well. Overnight lows going into Friday not much cooler than day time highs, in the low-40s.
This week starts off quiet, and cold with sunny skies today. Tomorrow brings a mess of rain/snow mix, rain, then possibly ending with snow leading into Wednesday. A blast of Arctic air lies behind the storm system bringing this precipitation, with low temperatures plummeting into the single digits overnight into Thursday. The Arctic chill stay in place until the weekend.
Rest of today – sunny, with some scattered high clouds. Temperatures around freezing. Overnight lows in the upper-20s.
Tuesday – the timing of the next storm system to affect us, at this time, points to a period of rain/snow mix starting in the late morning Tuesday. A warm front should induce enough warm advection to raise temperatures into the low-40s. That will allow for a transition to all rain in the city until the overnight hours when temperatures are forecast to fall below freezing into the upper-20s. A period of all snow should follow.
Wednesday – periods of heavy snow squalls are possible before the storm finally clears out. At this time, forecasters are calling for about 1″ of snow accumulation starting Tuesday night for NYC. If the forecast trends colder, we could see some more snow, but no blockbuster amounts either way. High temperatures Wednesday should rise to around freezing. On the cold back side of the passing storm, Arctic air will swing into the region. Overnight lows are forecast to only be in the single digits going into Thursday morning.
Weather Prediction Center surface forecast for 7PM Wednesday
Thursday – frigid day in store with Arctic high pressure in control. Sunny skies but temperatures only expected to reach into the mid-teens. Overnight lows into Friday will stay chilly, only around 10°F.
For reference, here’s the post that triggered the following forecast post-mortem analysis. To start, here’s my forecast and the verified totals.
My Forecast High: 48°F | Low: 17°F | Max sustained winds: 35 mph | Total QPF: 1.40″ | Total snow accumulation: 1.00″
Verification High: 40°F | Low: 15°F | Max sustained wind: 38 mph | Total precipitation: 0.80″ | Total snow: 0.00″
Since I did decently at forecasting maximum sustained winds and the low temperature, this analysis will focus primarily on why I missed the mark on both total precipitation and the high temperature.
How I Verify Forecasts I haven’t explained in previous posts like this how I go about verifying the results of my own forecasts, though I do talk about METARs (hourly weather reports) and daily climate summaries from the National Weather Service as sources for verification data. There’s a reason why I choose to use the 06Z Day 1 to 06Z Day 2 (1AM/2AM Day 1 to 1AM/2AM Day 2 depending on Daylight Saving Time) time window to forecast, and that’s because this lines up well with METAR synoptic reports that occur every 6 hours (00Z, 06Z, 12Z, 18Z). This is something I picked up from my Weather Forecasting Certificate Program at Penn State World Campus. So, when I’m looking at the METAR data, I’m looking for specific data points at these synoptic times:
I won’t bore you with details of how to read METARs, which you can learn about here, but from these entries, I can get the maximum temperature from the highest value 1 group, low temperature from the lowest 2 group, and total precipitation from summing up the 6 groups for these synoptic times. So in this case, “10044” indicates a maximum temperature of 4.4C, which is converted from 40F. “21094” shows a minimum temperature of -9.4C, converted from -15F. “60060” translates to 0.60″ and “60020” likewise is 0.20″, and the sum gives us 0.80″ total precipitation.
Last, with max sustained wind, and in this case snow, I checked the NWS daily climate reports for LGA (see red outlined boxes).
Post-Mortem Analysis On this forecast, I ended up handling the low temperature and max sustained winds well, however, I was much too high on both the high temperature and total precipitation. So what happened here?
High Temperature In my forecast, I had confidence based on various model data that NYC would spend a decent amount of time in the warm sector of the low that would be responsible for the storm. Unfortunately, this simply just did not happen, and as a result, we never got into that warm southerly/southwesterly flow that would have propelled temperatures into the upper-40s. Instead, looking at the METARs for that day reveals that winds stayed consistently east-northeast to north-northeast overnight into the early morning hours before almost immediately shifting to the northwest by 11AM. This makes sense, given the orientation and location of the warm front just to our south to start.
Click the images below to see the Weather Prediction Center’s surface analyses at 7AM, 10AM, 1PM respectively for Sunday, January 20.
In the end, I should have heeded some signals that there was enough uncertainty in the storm track even on Saturday that we could miss the warm sector. The local forecast office for the NWS also indicated that there was a potential for this, which would keep temperatures suppressed due to persistent, cool, northeasterly flow. Their forecast high, which I believe was 42°F, factored this in, and ended up being a lot more accurate. The takeaway here for me is to not completely buy into model consensus even if there’s good agreement, when there’s a possibility of storm tracks shifting. I don’t think I would have gone as low as 40°F even with this in mind, but I might have forecast something like 44°F, which would have been closer.
Total Precipitation I missed the total precipitation forecast by more than 0.50″ – objectively a bad outcome. In this case, I think there were a couple reasons behind my own forecast bust. First, the storm progressed faster than data on Saturday suggested, resulting in heavier precipitation earlier in the overnight period, also meaning that the strongest frontogenesis/isentropic lift moved through quicker than anticipated. Secondly, the best moisture convergence stayed just offshore, leading us to miss out on some of the heavier rain.
Click the images below for enlarged versions of the archived radar image for 8AM Sunday, January 20, and the Storm Prediction Center’s moisture convergence analysis for the same time.
The fact that we never ended up in the warm sector for too long during the day Sunday also meant that the best moisture didn’t quite make it up to NYC. Note how the areas of strongest moisture convergence are also coincide well with the most intense radar echos. For precipitation with strong storms like this, it can always be a hit-or-miss proposition to pinpoint precipitation totals for one spot. My own personal forecast bias leads me to over forecast precipitation quite often. I should have consulted the daily average for precipitation to factor climatology into this as well before doing the forecast. For reference, the record precipitation total for KLGA on January 20th was 1.41″ – so I was, in essence, forecasting a near record-breaking precipitation event. That usually doesn’t pan out, as you see.
What ended up being a rain storm for NYC yesterday has brought along the coldest air of the year in its wake. The bitter Arctic chill won’t last long, with temperatures on an upwards trend through the mid-week period as another storm approaches. By Thursday, temperatures in the upper-40s will feel like summer compared to the frigid start today. Beyond that, temperatures look to cool off again into next weekend, but it appears to be a dry weekend ahead.
Rest of today (MLK Jr. Day) – overnight lows in the city were in the single digits, and despite lots of sun, the Arctic high in control over the area will limit any significant warming. High temperatures are expected to be in the mid-teens with blustery northwest winds making wind chills feel below zero. Overnight lows dip back into the low-teens, but winds should abate somewhat as the core of the Arctic high moves closer to us and the pressure gradient relaxes.
Tuesday – much warmer than today, by about double, but still cold with high temperatures in the upper-20s. Sunny skies expected with high pressure still in control. Not much change in temperatures overnight into Wednesday as the next storm system brings a warm front to the area.
Weather Prediction Center surface forecast valid 7AM Wednesday
Wednesday – temperatures in the low-40s as we get in the warm sector of an approaching low centered over the Great Lakes. Temperature profiles should support all rain, though there could be some mixing early Wednesday as precipitation starts. Overnight lows again don’t budge much. More rain is expected going into Thursday.
Thursday – long duration rain event continues, with temperatures in the upper-40s and mostly cloudy skies when it’s not raining.
A major winter storm is set to bring immediate impacts to the entire Tri-State region with a mixed bag of wintry precipitation ranging from snow to sleet, freezing rain, and rain. Coastal flooding and even urban street flooding could be a concern. Temperatures will plummet in the wake of this storm, with Arctic winds blowing from the northwest bringing the coldest air of the season and the potential for a flash freeze. The track of this storm has bounced around a bit throughout the week, though at the time of this writing, a warmer scenario with a storm track further north closer to the coast looks more likely.
My Forecast High: 48°F | Low: 17°F | Max sustained winds: 35 mph | Total QPF: 1.40″ | Total snow accumulation: 1.00″ – verification for temperatures and precipitation will come from METAR data for the period between 1AM Sunday and 1AM Monday (06Z Sunday to 06Z Monday) at LGA. Wind speed verification will draw on the daily climate summary from the National Weather Service.
Verification High: 40°F | Low: 15°F | Max sustained wind: 38 mph | Total precipitation: 0.80″ | Total snow: 0.00″ – Decent job of handling max sustained wind and the low, however, I missed the mark on high temperatures and overall precipitation by a large margin. I’ll post a more in-depth post-mortem analysis on this later this weekend. However, I do want to provide an initial assessment of the reasons behind my forecast bust on high temperatures and precipitation. These both have to do with the progression of the coastal and warm fronts associated with this storm. The warm front never made it further north than offshore of Long Island. As a result, we didn’t really get into the warm sector as I thought we would. This resulted in more northeasterly flow, keeping temperatures suppressed. The timing of the heaviest precipitation happened to be in the immediate six hour period preceding the start of my forecast window, when another 0.64″ of precipitation fell. I’ll look a bit more into this in the post-mortem, but I suspect the storm progressed a bit faster than forecast model data suggested on Saturday afternoon.
Weather Prediction Center surface forecast valid 7AM Sunday.
Synoptic Set Up A large scale storm system with origins from the Pacific has been marching through the Ohio Valley and will eventually move offshore right in our vicinity. As this surface low continues to intensify, a warm front will first push into the coastal areas of the region. Ahead of this, snow should develop late Saturday, heavy at times. Eventually, as the warm front moves north of us, we’ll experience a transition over to rain. As the surface low progresses east, precipitation will end in the afternoon Sunday. This low will then continue to deepen, causing strengthening winds from the northwest to usher in an Arctic airmass and the coldest temperatures of the year.
Weather Prediction Center’s most recent storm track map. There’s still some uncertainty at this point with the track. However, trends have been pushing the storm track north since yesterday and even within the cluster of orange dots near us denoting the storm’s forecast position at 7AM Sunday, not too many are far south enough to see a colder scenario pan out.
High Temperatures National Weather Service only recently released a warmer forecast in the mid-40s, before which they were showing highs in the mid-30s. However, most other sources are suggesting a substantially warmer high temperature in the upper-40s to near 50°F. In this case, I tend to agree with the consensus shaping up on the warmer side, with MOS guidance being on this warm side, and the generally reliable National Blend of Models similarly warm. The current most likely storm track places the area in the warm sector of this low, with MOS guidance showing an extended period of east-southeasterly winds veering to the south and southwest and blowing at a good clip, I can buy into the idea there will be decent warm advection and a surge of warm air to push temperatures up in to the upper-40s. Furthermore, I don’t see a lot of potential for evaporational cooling occurring, since the atmosphere will start off saturated during the morning hours (it’ll be raining).
NAM MOS for KLGA
GFS MOS for KLGA
Low Temperatures With strong northwest winds expected to develop on the cold flank of the surface low as it exits the area, low temperatures are likely to actually occur late overnight going into Monday. This is because warm advection will proceed the bulk of the rain Sunday morning. I’m siding with a blend of low temperatures from NAM, GFS MOS, and National Blend of Models.
NAM forecast sounding for 7PM Sunday, note the environmental temperature line (red/yellow) from the surface upwards to about 875 mb is well-mixed, parallel to the nearest line of dry adiabatic ascent (grey lines slanted to the left at ~45 ° . This is a set up that favors strong winds.
Max Sustained Winds Strong northwest winds are expected to develop behind the exiting low. A well-mixed layer is visible in forecast soundings, and this suggests the potential for the strong winds aloft at 850 mb to mix down. Sustained wind speeds could easily be in the 25-30 mph range with higher gusts. The intensifying low should also lead to an isallobaric component (winds becoming stronger in response to a deepening low) to the wind, which I think could push wind speeds to 35 mph. I believe the strongest winds of the day are actually coming after the precipitation since there’s going to be a warm nose above the surface, putting an inversion in place that would diminish downward momentum transfer while rain is coming down.
NAM forecast model showing 850 mb frontogenesis early Sunday morning at 4AM. These values of frontogenesis entail potential for bands of heavy rain and snow, with plenty of lift possible to propel precipitation.
Total Precipitation Several of the key ingredients needed for a heavy precipitation look to be coming together for this storm. This includes several strong vorticity maxima at 500 mb moving through. At the 300 mb level, a jet streak is forecast to be in the vicinity, but I don’t see this area sitting under a favorable jet streak quadrant that would support additional lift. Most of the lift here I think will come from the combination of 500 mb vorticity maxima and 850 mb isentropic lift depicted above. I actually see some low potential for elevated convection that could spur bouts of this heavy precipitation to fall. Moisture looks robust, with an 850 mb low-level jet forecast to develop as well. This should support deep moisture and lends further credence to the potential for heavy rain. Given the temperature profiles, it appears the risk of freezing rain and sleet is low at the coast, though more significant north of the city.
