Tag Archives: cold air advection

NYC Weekend Weather – Jan 29, 2021

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An arctic chill with bitterly cold winds kicks off the weekend as strong high pressure moves in. Overnight lows in the teens and high temperatures in the 20s will range 10-15ºF below normal for this time of year. This cold air could set the stage for a nor’easter bringing significant snowfall to the region, with totals > 6″ possible Monday into Tuesday. As usual, track details on this storm will be pivotal, and are not clear at this time.

Rest of today – mostly clear, cold, and windy with high temperatures in the low-20s. A strong arctic high and a departing low will create a tight pressure gradient that ushers in stiff northwesterly winds 20-25 mph. Wind chills will hover around 0ºF. Overnight temperatures drop into the mid-teens with wind chills likewise dropping below zero.

Weather Prediction Center surface forecast for 7AM Saturday. A strong area of high pressure is parked over much of the Eastern US.

Saturday – winds abate with high pressure moving more directly overhead. Sunny, but still cold with high temperatures around 30ºF. Overnight lows will be in the upper-teens under increasing cloud cover.

Sunday – mostly cloudy as the next storm system starts to work in. High temperatures around 30ºF. Overnight lows in the upper-20s with the possibility of snow developing overnight into Monday morning.

  • GFS model total snowfall accumulation as of 7AM Tuesday
  • ECMWF model total snowfall accumulation as of 7AM Tuesday
  • UKMET model total snowfall accumulation as of 7AM Tuesday

Monday – stiff northeasterly winds developing along with snow. High temperatures in the low-30s. The storm possibly bringing us significant snow came ashore over the west coast yesterday and will be transiting the country the next couple days. It is eventually forecast to spawn a coastal low, bringing a nor’easter into our region. Even though cold air will precede this storm, offshore waters are still mild, in the low 40s-50s, and with the storm likely to bring southerly/northeasterly flow at the outset, we could see enough warming to mix to rain at the coast. Storm track and strength will be vital to the eventual snowfall totals. Models seem to signal a very tight banding feature bringing heavy snow – you’ve heard this before but these bands are notoriously difficult to pinpoint even a day ahead of the event. If the optimal scenario plays out, we could see a storm with similar or possibly bigger totals than the one in December. Overnight lows Monday shouldn’t budge much, in the low-30s, with some warm advection associated with portions of the storm.

NYC Weekend Weather – Jan 22, 2021

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A cold and breezy start to the weekend with a cold front ushering in below average temperatures mostly in the mid-30s. High pressure builds and keeps things dry during the weekend. However, the upper-level pattern shifts to allow a shortwave trough to push through early next week, leading to a storm that could bring some accumulating snow overnight Monday into Tuesday.

Rest of today – partly cloudy with high temperatures in the low-40s. A moisture-starved cold front will work its way through the region. The main impact of this front will be to induce a shift in winds to the northwest, and trigger some decent cold air advection. This will lead to overnight temperatures plummeting into the mid-upper 20s.

Weather Prediction Center surface forecast for 7AM Saturday

Saturday – high pressure builds in behind the cold front, giving us a mostly sunny day. This high pressure and a low off to the northeast over the Canadian Maritimes will lead to a fairly tight pressure gradient, and the result should be breezy winds from the northwest, sustained in the range of 15-20 mph at least. So despite the sun, the cold start to the day will lead to temperatures in the low-30s and a much colder feel with wind chills around 20ºF. Overnight lows will be the coldest in quite some time, in the low-20s.

Sunday – windy conditions continue at least part of the day with high temperatures in the mid-30s. Once the center of the high moves over us, winds should subside. Overnight lows in the mid-20s with clouds building in.

GFS model 500 mb height and vorticity animated loop valid 7PM Sunday through 7PM Monday, showing a de-amplifying shortwave trough ejecting from the southwest towards our region.

Monday – as the high pressure eventually moves off, a shortwave trough will be progressing towards our region. The accompanying surface low will bring mostly cloudy skies. Temperatures should peak in the mid-30s. Overnight, the storm is positioned to possibly bring us some light accumulating snow. Currently, it’s hard to pin down a total, but the following images from GFS and ECMWF models suggest something on the order of 3-5″ is possible. Low temperatures in the upper-20s should support all snow during this event, so storm track will be key here.

  • GFS model 24 hour snowfall total ending 1AM Wednesday
  • ECMWF model total snowfall ending 1AM Wednesday

NYC Weekend Weather – Jan 15, 2021

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Our extended period of calm weather comes to an abrupt end this weekend. A low pressure system with its attendant vigorous cold front sweeps through overnight bringing moderate to heavy rain. We could see as much as 1-1.5″ of rain with this event. Behind this front, windy conditions prevail Sunday as the low exits but continues to deepen. Next week, we’ll see a return to normal temps around 40ºF.

Rest of today – mostly cloudy with high temperatures in the mid-40s. Rain chances increase as the storm system approaches us. Warm air advection associated with the warm front of this storm will result in little movement on overnight lows, which will hover in the mid-40s. Moderate to heavy rain is likely after 9PM tonight and into the overnight hours.

High Resolution Rapid Refresh simulated radar for 1AM Saturday.

Saturday – as the storm pulls off to the east in the morning, rain chances should decrease, ending by noon. Isolated wrap around showers are possible. Temperatures will decrease during the day with cold air advection, dropping into the low-40s. Overnight lows in the mid-30s as skies clear.

Sunday – mostly sunny with high temperatures in the low-40s. Breezy with west winds in the 15-20 mph range and stronger gusts due to a large pressure gradient around the exiting and intensifying low. Overnight lows in the mid-30s.

Weather Prediction Center surface forecast for 7AM Sunday. The low affecting us this weekend is seen in the upper right corner, with a tight clustering of isobars around it, indicating a large pressure gradient.

Monday – an upper level low will affect the area pushing a cold front through our region, but this front should be moisture starved. Partly sunny with highs around 40ºF. Overnight lows around 30ºF.

NYC Weekend Weather – Feb 7, 2020

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We start this weekend with a high wind warning as a strong low pressure center passing overhead. A much colder air mass will be on the heels of this passing storm. A brief calm Saturday spell punctuates an otherwise active pattern with another storm approaching to start next week. High temperatures during this time will generally be at or above normal (~40°F) with a big warmup by Monday.

Rest of today – high temperatures have already peaked in the mid-50s but the remainder of the day will see a continuing fall in temperatures through the 40s and 30s as strong cold air advection kicks in. This is due to a potent low pressure system (972 mb and strengthening) passing overhead. The tight pressure gradient around this low, in addition to a well-mixed layer forming with winds aloft at 50 knots mixing down will yield very strong winds. A high wind warning is in effect this afternoon when sustained winds could easily be in the 30-40 mph range with gusts exceeding 60 mph in places. Winds will abate overnight as the low exits northeast, temperatures will keep falling all the way into the upper-20s with cold air advection driven by winds from the northwest continuing.

  • Weather Prediction Center surface forecast for 1 PM today. Note the tight packing of isobars around the 972 mb low pressure center moving just north of the area.
  • NAM model’s forecast sounding for 1PM today. Very strong unidirectional wind profile is indicated, with winds just above the surface in excess of 50 knots. A well-mixed layer is evident as well up to about 850 mb where winds look to range between 55-65 knots. This should allow strong gusts and sustained winds to make it to the surface.

Saturday – high pressure builds in briefly, and should yield a mostly sunny day. With overnight lows in the upper-20s, high temperatures will be decidedly colder around 40°F. Overnight lows remain on the cold side around 30°F.

Sunday – clouds increase with high temperatures in low-40s as the next frontal system approaches. Winds will shift to the south. There is a chance for rain/snow mix then rain during the day. Overnight lows in the mid-30s.

Monday – prolonged southerly flow will help kick temperatures up to the low-50s as the frontal system slows in its approach. This will also bring prolonged chances for rain. Overnight lows in the upper-30s.

NYC Detailed Forecast for November 21, 2019

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Thursday will probably end up being the best day of the week. High pressure will be in control from most of the period allowing for a sunny day with seasonable temperatures. Winds may be stiff overnight as well as late Thursday night into Friday. Rain associated with a low pressure system moving in will hold off until Friday.

My Forecast
High: 50°F | Low: 38°F | Max sustained winds: 20 mph | Total precipitation: 0.00″ – verification will come from METAR data for the period between 1AM Thursday and 1AM Friday (06Z Thursday to 06Z Friday) at LGA (LaGuardia Airport), and the KLGA Daily Climate Report.

Verification
High: 53°F | Low: 39°F | Max sustained winds: 14 mph | Total precipitation: 0.00″ – high temperatures ended up being a bit warmer than expected, more towards the EKDMOS 90th percentile range. I think this had to do with the fact that overnight lows were warmer (did a good job edging up on that), and because northwesterly winds backing to the west introduced an element of downsloping. Compressional warming from this was not offset by any other temperature advection, and allowed for temperatures to hit exactly the average high for this time of year. The other aspect I missed on was max wind speed. Here, looking at surface analyses from yesterday compared to the forecast models, there was a larger distance between the center of high pressure and the departing coastal low, leading to a weaker than expected pressure gradient early. The fastest winds ended up being clocked from the southwest as a result, ahead of the approaching cold front.

Weather Prediction Surface forecast for 7AM Thursday

Synoptic Set Up
The forecast period starts with a north-south elongated high pressure over much of the Eastern US, centered over the Ohio Valley. The coastal low that impacted the area Monday is still forecast to linger southeast of Nova Scotia. A decent pressure gradient will be in place at the beginning of the forecast period as a result (high pressure measuring ~1025 mb, low ~998 mb). An approaching low pressure center will travel northeast from the Midwest across the Great Lakes into Southwestern Quebec during the forecast period. The low will continue intensifying and will erode the northern part of the high pressure center. Precipitation associated with this low won’t reach NYC until Friday, though. The primary influence of this low for the forecast period will be in shifting winds from the northwest to the southwest.

Above the surface, at 850 mb winds are forecast to start off northerly, between 20-25 knots. Wind speeds ease as they continue backing from north to west, then pick up in intensity to 30 knots from the southwest. Dry air, though moistening, will prevail at the 850 mb level throughout the forecast period. At 500 mb, slight ridging takes place during the day, then increased vorticity starts to pivot through ahead of the primary shortwave axis associated with the maturing surface low over the Great Lakes. Finally, at 300 mb we’ll start in the entrance region of a jet streak, then followed by a period of calm before the exit region of another jet streak approaches from the west.

  • GFS 2-meter (surface temperatures) in contours, and 10-meter wind barbs, valid 1AM Thursday. This shows a decent environment for cold air advection with winds at almost perpendicular angles to the temperature contours, pointing from colder to warmer temperatures. However, wind speeds are modest so the strength of an CAA would not be strong.
  • By 1AM Friday, GFS 850 mb height, moisture, and winds show depict winds shifting to the southwest, but the air above the surface will still be quite dry.

High Temperatures
Statistical models (GFS, NAM, NBM) are good agreement, within a degree or two of 50°F. EKDMOS at 12Z similarly showed a tight band around 50°F, though this widened a bit at 18Z. 50°F is just a touch below climatological norms. I’m not seeing too many surprises here. Moisture is lacking for clouds to form until late in the period after the sun goes down. As winds shift to the southwest later in the day, they will largely parallel local isotherms so there won’t be appreciable warm air advection to look at either. I think 50°F is a good bet here.

Low Temperatures
Stiff winds from the northwest will offset relatively clear conditions in terms of radiational cooling. Cold air advection (CAA) is looking modest. While the wind direction is looking to cut at almost perpendicularly across temperature contours from cold to warmer temperatures, wind speeds aren’t going to be sustained at strong speeds for too long. I think 38°F is reasonable because statistical guidance is only a degree cooler or so, with EKDMOS showing this temperature at about the 50th percentile.

  • GFS MOS forecast
  • NAM MOS forecast

Max Sustained Winds
850 mb winds have two peaks and so do surface winds in EKDMOS: one early, then one late in the forecast period. I tend to concur the fastest winds will come early in the forecast period, since northwest winds are climatologically favored to produce fast high speeds. However, I also don’t see evidence to support mixing of strong winds aloft down to the surface. One wrinkle is if the pressure gradient ends up being tighter between the lows and the high pressure, as that would drive stronger than anticipated winds. 20 mph is above statistical guidance, but not that much higher.

NAM forecast sounding for KLGA valid 7PM Thursday. Distinct moistening of the mid and upper levels is evident with the dew points (green line) nearly overlapping the environmental temperature (red line). Lower levels are still markedly drier.

Total Precipitation
This is the easiest part of the forecast as strong high pressure and dry air throughout most of the atmospheric column for most of the day makes it nearly impossible for precipitation to materialize.

WxChallenge Caribou, ME (KCAR) Day 7 High Temperatures – Nov 4, 2018

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What follows is a discussion lab that I wrote for this past week’s WxChallenge forecast competition as part of Penn State University World Campus’ METEO 410 capstone class in weather forecasting. I’m sharing this to give folks a glimpse into the forecasting process we’ve been learning, and because this discussion lab garnered some plaudits from my instructor for providing a really good analysis with attention to detail.

Model Guidance

12Z NAM MOS and 18Z GFS MOS (model output statistics) today agreed on a high temperature of 46°F for Day 7 (06Z Thursday to 06Z Friday). 00Z Wednesday’s NBM run was forecasting 44°F. 18Z EKDMOS shows ~46°F in the 50th percentile, with 50°F in the 90th percentile, and 41°F in the 10th percentile.

MOS forecasts October 31, 2018

National Blend of Models (NBM) – a consensus MOS product

EKDMOS (Ensemble Kernel Density MOS), producing a probabilistic forecast of severeal different variables. This shows maximum temperatures. The green bar shows the 10th percentile, red bar the 50th percentile, and blue bar the 90th percentile

Synoptic Set Up

By Thursday, the cold front of the occluded low that will bring precipitation Wednesday is forecast to have pushed through KCAR. During this frontal passage, winds will veer from the SSE towards the west. Winds are not forecast to be particularly strong, however, westerly winds would downslope a bit, enhancing wind speeds as well as warming temperatures a touch.

Weather Prediction Center (WPC) surface forecast for 00Z Friday November 2 (8PM Thursday, November 1, 2018)

Typically, we’d expect temperatures to be cooler behind a cold front due to cold air advection (CAA). Checking dynamical model forecast 2-meter temperatures, there’s not really evidence of large temperature gradients around KCAR. Even though winds will be blowing from areas of cooler temperatures towards warmer temperatures, the lack of a large gradient and low wind speeds do not suggest strong CAA.

It’s worth noting that the cold front appears to have anafrontal characteristics (precipitation behind the front seen in the WPC surface forecast) – this has implications on cloud cover behind the front. Both sets of MOS guidance show overcast conditions throughout the day. Forecast soundings suggest the main effect of the cold front is a drying out of the layer between approximately 900 mb to 600 mb initially, though by 18Z Thursday this layer dry layer tops out 700 mb (NAM has a smaller dry layer, between 900 mb and 750 mb – not pictured). Outside of this dry layer, clouds appear likely both near the surface and also from the top of the dry layer to as high as 200 mb (300 mb in NAM). In fact, it appears that the column above the dry layer will be saturated, and precipitation will be falling at upper levels during periods of the day, which explains why the dry layer shrinks from the top down as moisture works its way down through the column.

GFS forecast sounding

Closing Thoughts

Because of the likelihood of persistent, seemingly thick overcast during peak heating, I’m hesitant to side with the MOS consensus of 46°F, which I think is too warm. Even if precipitation doesn’t reach the ground, evaporational cooling may still be a factor. I think NBM’s 44°F is reasonable given the current data. I wouldn’t go too low into the low-40s because of warming impacts of downsloping westerly winds and the lack of any strong CAA.

Results

Subsequent MOS runs actually trended up, as high as 49°F. However, because of the factors outlined above, I continued to hedge down from MOS guidance, and submitted a finalized forecast of 46°F on the day. The actual high ended up being 45°F. Because I hedged down, I was able to minimize my error points for the day and ended up climbing to the top of the class leaderboard.